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| KINDS OF AIDS |  |
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 | Overview |
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AIDS
AIDS means 'acquired immune deficiency syndrome'. It is a condition that sets in when the HIV virus has killed so many T-helper cells that the immune system is no longer able to recognise and react to attacks from everyday infections. HIV may also attack the nervous system.
HIV
HIV means 'human immunodeficiency virus'. As with all other kinds of virus, HIV does not have an individual metabolism and, therefore, has to attack other living cells and use their metabolism to make copies of itself. Unfortunately, HIV attacks some of the cells that are vital to a healthy immune system, including the white blood cells known as T-helper cells or CD4 cells.
At the start of HIV infection - the primary HIV infection - there are two possible outcomes. You can either have a short, flu-like illness that occurs one to six weeks after infection, or a so-called 'dumb' infection with no symptoms at all. However, even if you do not have any symptoms you can still infect other people.
Six to 12 weeks after the infection, the white blood cells have produced so many antibodies against HIV that they can be measured in the blood. If you have HIV antibodies in your blood, you are HIV-positive (HIV+). The infected person will feel well for a long time, but the infection is still active inside the body and the virus, which can infect and destroy new blood cells, is constantly being produced. The number of T-helpers in the blood will slowly be reduced and when, after a number of years, the immune system has been weakened, the infected person will start showing symptoms of AIDS.
Without treatment, it takes an average of nine years for AIDS to develop after initial infection with the HIV virus.
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Common bacteria, yeast, parasites, and viruses that ordinarily do not cause serious disease in people with fully functional immune systems can cause fatal illnesses in people with AIDS.
HIV has been found in saliva, tears, nervous system tissue, blood, semen (including pre-seminal fluid), vaginal fluid, and breast milk. However, only blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk have been proven to transmit infection to others.
 Unprotected sex - that is, sex without a condom.
Blood-to-blood-infection when using a contaminated needle or through transfusions of contaminated blood.
Mother infecting her child. The child can be infected during the pregnancy, during labour or, after the delivery, through the breast milk.
Ordinary social interaction with HIV-positive people is not contagiou.
AIDS is the fifth leading cause of death among persons between ages 25 and 44 in the United States. About 47 million people worldwide have been infected with HIV since the start of the epidemic.
Common bacteria, yeast, parasites, and viruses that ordinarily do not cause serious disease in people with fully functional immune systems can cause fatal illnesses in people with AIDS.
Common bacteria, yeast, parasites, and viruses that ordinarily do not cause serious disease in people with fully functional immune systems can cause fatal illnesses in people with AIDS.
HIV has been found in saliva, tears, nervous system tissue, blood, semen (including pre-seminal fluid), vaginal fluid, and breast milk. However, only blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk have been proven to transmit infection to others.
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Zoonotic infections; AIDS patients and pets; Bone marrow transplant patients and pets; Chemotherapy patients and pets.
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| Informations |
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Immunocompromised people (people infected with HIV, or who have other conditions that suppress the immune system such as chronic renal failure, alcoholism, cirrhosis, diabetes, cancer, leukemia, transplant recipients, splenectomy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or high doses of steroids) are often advised to give up their pets to avoid contracting various diseases from them. However, a large percent of these people opt to keep their cherished pet. It is very important for such people and their families to be aware of the potential risk for zoonotic infection (diseases that can be passed from animals to humans).
The following guidelines provide recommendations for immunocompromised pet owners:
Ask your veterinarian for information on zoonotic infections and the immunocompromised person.
Keep your pet clean and healthy. Make sure that all vaccinations are up-to-date. If you own a cat, have it tested for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Although these viruses are not transmitted to humans, they do affect the cat's immune system, putting you and your cat at risk for other infections that may be transmitted to humans.
All new pets should be examined by a veterinarian. If you are considering adopting a pet, you should get a pet that is more than one year old. Kittens and puppies are more likely to scratch and bite, and are more likely to contract infections.
Keep your pets indoors. If they do go outside, keep them on a leash.
Have all pets surgically spayed or neutered. Neutered animals are less likely to roam and therefore less likely to contract diseases.
If your animal has diarrhea, is coughing and sneezing, has decreased appetite, or has lost weight, you should have the animal examined by a veterinarian.
Feed your pet only commercially prepared food and treats. Animals can contract zoonotic infections from undercooked or raw meat or eggs. Also, do not let your pet drink from the toilet because several zoonotic infections can be contracted this way. Cats can contract infections (such as toxoplasmosis) by eating wild animals.
Wash your hands after handling your pet, especially before you eat, prepare food, or smoke.
Keep your cat's litter box away from eating areas. Use disposable pan liners so that the entire pan can be cleaned with each litter change. If possible, someone besides you should change the litter pan. If you must change the litter, wear rubber gloves and a disposable face mask (similar precautions should be taken when cleaning a bird's cage). Also, the litter should be scooped daily to prevent the risk of toxoplasma infection.
Keep your pet's nails short or declaw the animal to reduce the risk of infection caused by animal scratches. Cats are capable of transmitting B. henselae, the organism responsible for cat scratch disease.
Take measures to prevent flea or tick infestations. Several zoonotic infections are transmitted by fleas and ticks.
Do not adopt wild or exotic animals. These animals are more likely to bite, and they often carry rare, yet serious diseases.
Dogs can transmit "kennel cough" to immunocompromised humans. Try to avoid placing your dog in a boarding kennel or other high risk environments.
Reptiles are carriers of salmonella. If you own a reptile, wear gloves when handling the animal or its feces because salmonella is easily passed from animal to human.
Wear rubber gloves when handling or cleaning fish tanks.
For more information on zoonotic infections, contact your local veterinarian or the Humane Society in your area.
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Early symptomatic HIV infection is the stage of viral infection caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) where symptoms have begun to manifest, but before the development of AIDS (which involves life-threatening infections).
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Early symptomatic HIV infection is characterized by signs and symptoms typical of HIV infection that are not AIDS-defining. These symptoms are usually not present in asymptomatic HIV infection.
The onset of symptoms signals the transition from HIV infection to HIV disease. However, at this stage of HIV infection, the person does not have AIDS-defining diseases of immune deficiency, such as opportunistic infections and/or certain cancers or a CD4 count of less than 200.
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Risk factors for HIV infection are sexual contact with an infected sexual partner that includes exchange of semen or vaginal secretions, intravenous drug use, receipt of blood transfusion or blood components, or being born to an HIV-positive mother.
Advanced HIV disease (AIDS), characterized by the development of opportunistic infections and malignancies (cancers), may develop.
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